Neuroscience, Psychotherapy and Neuropsychotherapy

Neuroscience, Psychotherapy and Neuropsychotherapy Toni Killin Therapeutic strategies have been built from hundreds of years of experience. These strategies have over time proven their effectiveness for particular problems (Cozolino, 2010) (Grawe, 2007). The field of Neuroscience looks at brain structures and functions; it is a large field encompassing neurobiology, neurochemistry and areas of psychology. Neuropsychotherapy blends the fields of neuroscience and psychotherapy together. The emphasis being placed on the neuroscientific foundations of psychotherapy. Present rudimentary neuroscientific research findings offer psychotherapy scientific support, putting forward a new and fresh perspective for therapists. Neuropsychotherapy tries to remove the invisible barrier between mind and brain (Cozolino, 2010) (Grawe, 2007). Both the mind and brain are equally important, focusing on either one at the cost of the other would be to act as if one is irrelevant (Cozolino, 2010). My contact with clients and professionals such as therapists, psychiatris ts and psychologists led to my interest in Gestalt Therapy. Although my training in Gestalt Therapy is a passion, the journey has been a difficult learning experience. The experiential nature of Gestalt therapy has proven difficult for me to internally intellectualize. It has been this difficulty that led me to readings on neuroscience, as a way to understand, more fully, the mechanisms behind psychotherapy in general, in particular experiential modalities. These modalities reflecting good successes in areas that other modalities were appearing to be only mildly successful (Cozolino, 2010)(Grawe, 2007). I see this as an opportunity to have a deeper and different perspective on the therapeutic process and the therapeutic relationship. Consequently, this literature review will be divided into three sections. The first will give a rudimentary overview of what neuroscience is and the emergent findings within this field of psychotherapeutic interest. I will then relate neuroscientific findings broadly to the field of psychotherapy. Subsequently, I will relate some of these findings to some of the methodologies of Gestalt Therapy bringing findings from neuroscience together in the therapeutic relationship with a view to seeing Gestalt Therapy and psychotherapy in general from new and helpful vantage points. Given that neuroscience is a diverse field encompassing many professions, it is important to make the distinction that this paper will look at neuroscientific findings only in the context of psychotherapy and neuropsychotherapy. There are standardised professional differences not covered as part of this paper between clinical neuropsychologists, clinical neuropsychotherapists and psychotherapists that have good knowledge of areas of neuroscience that are of interest to the modality that they practice. Neuroscience is a complex area of study to define; it holds its place within all the sciences that deal with the nervous system such as Neurobiology, Neurochemistry, Neuropharmacology and Neuroanatomy. Neuroscience also draws on the knowledge found within many of the traditional disciplines such as Biology, which looks at the living matter in all its forms and phenomena. Biochemistry, the chemistry of living matter. Physiology a branch of biology that deals with functions and activities of living organisms. Pharmacology that delves into the preparation, uses and effects of drugs and Experimental Psychology which uses experimental methods to study mental and emotional activity in animals and humans (What is Neuroscience, 2012) (dictionary.com),(Stonehill College, Congregation of the Holy Cross, 2014). Neuropsychotherapy (NPT) is a term used to condense and combine neuroscientific knowledge in a variety of applications and treatments (Neuropsychotherapy.org, 2014). Neuropsychotherapists come from a wide range of medical and therapeutic backgrounds. A neuropsychotherapist is aware of the body-psyche interaction and uses their training and knowledge to carry out therapeutic assessments and treatments. Recent discoveries show that our experiences change the shape of our brain. Individual areas grow or change by adding miniscule amounts of the brain neural circuitry and eliminating old ones(Aherne, 2012). Knowledge such as this will help the evolution of more effective therapies, healthier connections will further recovery. This type of thinking challenges the metaphors of the past, visually perceiving brains as machines. Analogies made for computers with references to fixed circuitry and hardwiring (Doidge, 2011). Moving beyond the 20th century where the brain was modelled as a static perspective, we now see the brain as infinite in complexity. Essential regionalised connections are well distributed and integrated throughout the brain. Functions that were thought to be only in localised areas, now are known to participate with other parts of the brain(Fialkoff Jones, 2010) . New research includes exploring the interaction between neurochemical transmitters and brain cells, looking at previously unknown functions of neurons and glials, the most common cells in the brain(Fialkoff Jones, 2010) . There are four principles that become apparent to our understanding of the brain centers. The brain is complex, connected, adaptable (plastic) and evolved. The brain is adaptive, constantly rewriting itself. This ability to grow and change is referred to as plasticity. The brain not only creates new connections and develops greater physical space based on need, it also has the ability to erase old and unused connections (Doidge, 2011). The notion of a brain that can re-design its own form and function through thought and activity is profound. This is amongst the foremost important alterations of the brain since our understanding of basic anatomy and the functioning of its most elementary component, the neuron(Doidge, 2011). Like all revolutions, this has profound effects. The neuroplastic revolution has many implications, all areas that trade with human nature, such as our understanding of relationships, addictions, culture, learning and psychotherapies all change our brain. The humanities, social and physical sciences will all have to come to terms with the fact of the self changing brain. From person to person the brains architecture is unique and changes the course of individuals lives (Doidge, 2011). One of neurosciences most extraordinary discovery is that thinking, learning and acting can turn our genes on or off, thus sharpening our brain anatomy and our behaviour (Doidge, 2011). Brain plasticity is a very general term, applied to all ways that the brain is flexible and can process information in different ways (Buczynski,). A simplified example of steps in neural plasticity would begin with an inability in neurological functioning, this would lead to the founding of a secondary route. With use this secondary route finds shorter pathways and gets quicker and better at using these secondary neural pathways. With prolonged use and exposure t hese pathways continue to strengthen (Doidge, 2011). In the brain, there is an optimal point of plasticity at moderate ranges of arousal. Neural growth hormones and many of the processes that stimulate plasticity turn off at low levels of arousal, turn on at moderate levels, and turn off again at high levels (Buczynski,). This is important information when looking at encouraging new neural pathways. Creating an experience in therapy that results in neuroplasticity are to some degree a marker of successful therapy(Buczynski,). Another prominent discovery in neuroscience that is still getting attention is that of mirror neurons.Mirror neurons are â€Å"smart cells†(reference) laying down inner depictions within our brain and possibly our bodies. Mirror neurons permit us to comprehend the actions, intentions and feelings of others. These neurons, held in many parts of our brains, fire not only when we perform an action, such as holding hands, but also when when see others perfor m actions. Mirror neurons are not limited only to action, they are also stimulated when we experience an emotion and when we visually perceive others experiencing an emotion, such as pleasure, sorrow or distress(Lacoboni, 2008). Within the neuroscientific community mirror neuron research in humans has been polemic, no one piece of evidence being categorically accepted as proof that mirror neurons exist within humans. This however does not detract from the plethora of evidence supporting mirror neurons in humans (Keysers Gazzola, 2010) given technological reasons have thwarted the finding of individual mirror neurons (Vivona, 2009) supporting evidence has come from the electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, behavioural experiments and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies (Keysers Gazzola, 2010). In short research has shown that mirror neurons exist somewhere in the human brain and are not restricted to premotor and inferior parietal cortex. Research has also shown that c ertain neurons appear to have ‘anti-mirror properties. When these neurons work in combination with mirror neurons they could help the brain perform internal simulations of other peoples actions, simultaneously selectively blocking explicit motor output and remove ambiguities from who performed the action (Gallese, 2008) (Keysers Gazzola, 2010). Implications in psychotherapy Neuroplasticity does not always espouse uplifting news; our brains may be more resourceful, but are also more susceptible to outside impacts . Neuroplasticity can produce more flexibility, but also more rigid behaviours, this is called the â€Å"plastic paradox†(Doidge, 2011, p. 6), some of our most tenacious habits and disorders are products of plasticity. Once a particular plastic change occurs and becomes well established, it can prevent other changes from from occurring. Considering both the positive and negative properties of plasticity help us understand the extent of human possibilities (Doidge, 2011). In text reference Bibliography: Neuropsychotherapy.org. (2014). NPT Neuropsychotherapy. [online] Retrieved from: http://www.neuropsychotherapy.org/index.html [Accessed: 14 Apr 2014]. References Aherne, D. (2012). Medication or psychotherapy in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Retrieved from http://inside-the-brain.com/tag/dr-declan- Buczynski, R. (). The Neurocience of Psychotherapy, transcript of a teleseminar session, Louis Cozolino, PhD, conducted by Ruth Buczynski, Phd of NICABM./Interviewer: Ruth Buczynski. The National Institute for the Clinical Application of Behavioral Medicine, www.nicabm.com. Cozolino, L. J. (2010). The Neuroscience of Psychotherapy: Healing the Social Brain (2nd ed.). 500 Fifth Avenue, New York N.Y. 10110: W.W.Norton Company Inc. Doidge, MD, N. (2011). The brain that changes itself, stories of personal triumph from the frontiers of brain science. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/krishnamohangorle/thebrainthatchangesitself Fialkoff, L., Jones, N. (2010). Brain based research, overview of recent neuroscience. Retrieved from http://www.slideshare.net/Lfialkoff/brain-based-research-overview-of-recent-neuroscience Gallese, V. (2008, September). Empathy, Embodied Simulation, and the brain: Commentry on Aragno and Zepf/Hartmann. American Psychoanalytical Association, 56(3), 769-81,803,805-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003065108322206 Grawe, K. (2007). Neuropsychotherapy: How the Neurosciences Inform Effective Psychotherapy. 270 Madison Avenue New York, NY 10016: Mahwah: Routledge Member of the taylor and Francis Group. Keysers, C., Gazzola, V. (2010, April 27th). Social Neuroscience: Mirror Neurons Recorded in Humans. Current-Biology, 20(8), 353-354. http://dx.doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.013 Lacoboni, M. (2008). Mirroring people: The New Science of How We Connect With Others. In Mirroring People: The New Science of How We Connect With Others. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB121191836113423647 Stonehill College, Congregation of the Holy Cross. (2014). What is Neuroscience. Retrieved from http://www.stonehill.edu/academics/areas-of-study/neuroscience/what-is-neuroscience/. Vivona, J. M. (2009, June). Leaping from Brain to Mind: a Critique of Mirror Neuron Explanations of Countertransference. Journal of the American Psychoanalytical Association, 57(3), 525-550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003065109336443 What is Neuroscience. (2012). Retrieved April 16, 2014, from http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248680

State Task

Task la As a new recruit working in a public service you have been asked to investigate the response to emergency service incidents. You should describe how emergency incidents are graded by a selected public service call centre. Firstly, you should give examples of emergency incidents as described in the Civil Contingencies Act 2004. You should also describe how emergency incidents are graded for a selected public service control room including the grading categories used, and the role of call handlers and incident managers. Look at the guidance notes to see what needs to be covered.Use the box provided to answer this question. Task la (Pl) When you look at an emergency incident. It has to be graded by the public services call centre. An emergency incident can be seen in many different ways of all sorts of backgrounds and serviettes. Some are more serious than others and some need more than one public service to respond to the incident. This is where the call centres grade the emerg ency. They have to make sure that that they use the right grading to get the correct response to the incident and that they ensure peoples safety. When looking at the emergency incident responses system.You also have to look at the civil contingencies act 2004. The civil contingencies act is important because it decides who is under what category of response and how urgent the response is. This act gave a new definition to the term emergency. This definition covers many different things for example it covers terrorism and dangers to people's health. This Act is split in to 3 parts. Part 1 defines the obligations of certain organisations to prepare for various types of emergencies. This puts a legal obligation in place to local uthorities and the public services; these are called category 1 responders.The main job which is put in tront ot them is the Job ot intorming the public ot the incident in which has Just happened. Part one is all about local arrangements to protect the citizen s. Part 2 is about emergency powers which are temporary emergency regulations made in the name of the queen by the order in council these regulations last for a maximum of 21 days but parliament can choose to extend this time if they see fit to do so before it ends. The next part of the act is looking at the definition of ategory 1 and category 2 responders. Every responder has an emergency planning officer.Their main role is to make sure they have good communication with the other responders and that they stay in accordance of the act. Category 1 responders are core responders or â€Å"blue-light† responders. There are 9 different responders for example some of the responders in category 1 are: fire service, police service and the NHS primary care trust. These will normally be the first ones to respond to an incident they get it under control and evaluate if any category 2 responders are eeded and if so which ones. Category 2 responders are key and work with category 1 respo nders they help and support them.Category 2 is utility services and transport organizations Electricity distributors and transmitters and Gas distributors. They also get help for network travel and highway agencies, also the health and safety executive. The police have a certain code they use over the radios to determine how dangerous or life threatening the issue is. When you call the police, the phone call goes to the control room and they will assess the situation and decide on what code o give it the code will play a vital part in whether or not they get to the crime in time.

John Donne and Reformation

John Donne was born in Bread Street, London in 1572 to a prosperous Roman Catholic family – a precarious thing at a time when anti-Catholic sentiment was rife in England. His father, John Donne, was a well-to-do ironmonger and citizen of London. Donne's father died suddenly in 1576, and left the three children to be raised by their mother, Elizabeth, who was the daughter of epigrammatist and playwright John Heywood and a relative of Sir Thomas More. [Family tree. ] Donne's first teachers were Jesuits. At the age of 11, Donne and his younger brother Henry were entered at Hart Hall, University of Oxford, where Donne studied for three years. He spent the next three years at the University of Cambridge, but took no degree at either university because he would not take the Oath of Supremacy required at graduation. He was admitted to study law as a member of Thavies Inn (1591) and Lincoln's Inn (1592), and it seemed natural that Donne should embark upon a legal or diplomatic career. In 1593, Donne's brother Henry died of a fever in prison after being arrested for giving sanctuary to a proscribed Catholic priest. This made Donne begin to question his faith. His first book of poems, Satires, written during this period of residence in London, is considered one of Donne's most important literary efforts. Although not immediately published, the volume had a fairly wide readership through private circulation of the manuscript. Same was the case with his love poems, Songs and Sonnets, assumed to be written at about the same time as the Satires. Having inherited a considerable fortune, young â€Å"Jack Donne† spent his money on womanizing, on books, at the theatre, and on travels. He had also befriended Christopher Brooke, a poet and his roommate at Lincoln's Inn, and Ben Jonson who was part of Brooke's circle. In 1596, Donne joined the naval expedition that Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, led against Cadiz, Spain. In 1597, Donne joined an expedition to the Azores, where he wrote â€Å"The Calm†. Upon his return to England in 1598, Donne was appointed private secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, afterward Lord Ellesmere. Donne was beginning a promising career. In 1601, Donne became MP for Brackley, and sat in Queen Elizabeth's last Parliament. But in the same year, he secretly married Lady Egerton's niece, seventeen-year-old Anne More, daughter of Sir George More, Lieutenant of the Tower, and effectively committed career suicide. Donne wrote to the livid father, saying: â€Å"Sir, I acknowledge my fault to be so great as I dare scarce offer any other prayer to you in mine own behalf than this, to believe that I neither had dishonest end nor means. But for her whom I tender much more than my fortunes or life (else I would, I might neither joy in this life nor enjoy the next) I humbly beg of you that she may not, to her danger, feel the terror of your sudden anger. 1 Sir George had Donne thrown in Fleet Prison for some weeks, along with his cohorts Samuel and Christopher Brooke who had aided the couple's clandestine affair. Donne was dismissed from his post, and for the next decade had to struggle near poverty to support his growing family. Donne later summed up the experience: â€Å"John Donne, Anne Donne, Undone. † Anne's cousin offered the couple refuge in Pyrford, Surrey, and the couple was helped by friends like Lady Magdalen Herbert, George Herbert's mother, and Lucy, Countess of Bedford, women who also played a prominent role in Donne's literary life. Though Donne still had friends left, these were bitter years for a man who knew himself to be the intellectual superior of most, knew he could have risen to the highest posts, and yet found no preferment. It was not until 1609 that a reconciliation was effected between Donne and his father-in-law, and Sir George More was finally induced to pay his daughter's dowry. In the intervening years, Donne practised law, but they were lean years for the Donnes. Donne was employed by the religious pamphleteer Thomas Morton, later Bishop of Durham. It is possible that Donne co-wrote or ghost-wrote some of Morton's pamphlets (1604-1607). To this period, before reconciliation with his inlaws, belong Donne's Divine Poems (1607) and Biathanatos (pub. 1644), a radical piece for its time, in which Donne argues that suicide is not a sin in itself. As Donne approached forty, he published two anti-Catholic polemics Pseudo-Martyr (1610) and Ignatius his Conclave (1611). They were final public testimony of Donne's renunciation of the Catholic faith. Pseudo-Martyr, which held that English Catholics could pledge an oath of allegiance to James I, King of England, without compromising their religious loyalty to the Pope, won Donne the favor of the King. In return for patronage from Sir Robert Drury of Hawstead, he wrote A Funerall Elegie (1610), on the death of Sir Robert's 15-year-old daughter Elizabeth. At this time, the Donnes took residence on Drury Lane. The two Anniversaries— An Anatomy of the World (1611) and Of the Progress of the Soul (1612) continued the patronage. Sir Robert encouraged the publication of the poems: The First Anniversary was published with the original elegy in 1611, and both were reissued with The Second Anniversary in 1612. Donne had refused to take Anglican orders in 1607, but King James persisted, finally announcing that Donne would receive no post or preferment from the King, unless in the church. In 1615, Donne reluctantly entered the ministry and was appointed a Royal Chaplain later that year. In 1616, he was appointed Reader in Divinity at Lincoln's Inn (Cambridge had conferred the degree of Doctor of Divinity on him two years earlier). Donne's style, full of elaborate metaphors and religious symbolism, his flair for drama, his wide learning and his quick wit soon established him as one of the greatest preachers of the era. Just as Donne's fortunes seemed to be improving, Anne Donne died, on 15 August, 1617, aged thirty-three, after giving birth to their twelfth child, a stillborn. Seven of their children survived their mother's death. Struck by grief, Donne wrote the seventeenth Holy Sonnet, â€Å"Since she whom I lov'd hath paid her last debt. According to Donne's friend and biographer, Izaak Walton, Donne was thereafter ‘crucified to the world'. Donne continued to write poetry, notably his Holy Sonnets (1618), but the time for love songs was over. In 1618, Donne went as chaplain with Viscount Doncaster in his embassy to the German princes. His Hymn to Christ at the Author's Last Going into Germany, written before the journey, is laden with apprehension of death. Donne returned to London in 1620, and was ap pointed Dean of Saint Paul's in 1621, a post he held until his death. Donne excelled at his post, and was at last financially secure. In 1623, Donne's eldest daughter, Constance, married the actor Edward Alleyn, then 58. Donne's private meditations, Devotions upon Emergent Occasions, written while he was convalescing from a serious illness, were published in 1624. The most famous of these is undoubtedly Meditation 17, which includes the immortal lines â€Å"No man is an island† and â€Å"never send to know for whom the bell tolls; It tolls for thee. † In 1624, Donne was made vicar of St Dunstan's-in-the-West. On March 27, 1625, James I died, and Donne preached his first sermon for Charles I. But for his ailing health, (he had mouth sores and had experienced significant weight loss) Donne almost certainly would have become a bishop in 1630. Obsessed with the idea of death, Donne posed in a shroud – the painting was completed a few weeks before his death, and later used to create an effigy. He also preached what was called his own funeral sermon, Death's Duel, just a few weeks before he died in London on March 31, 1631. The last thing Donne wrote just before his death was Hymne to God, my God, In my Sicknesse. Donne's monument, in his shroud, survived the Great Fire of London and can still be seen today at St. Paul's.

The Harlem Renaissance African American Culture - 758 Words

The Harlem Renaissance: African American Culture The Harlem Renaissance was an era where African American culture flourished. African American music, art, theatre, literature, food, fashion, and creativity dominated in the 1920’s. It was a movement to redefine what being â€Å"black† meant to destroy the stereotypes of that society has affiliated with being a negro. At this time, African American artists used their talents to take advantage of this opportunity to make a better life for themselves, while making a major impact on the progression for racial equality and cultural education. Many of these artists include but are not limited to: Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, Claude Mckay, Countee Cullen, Arna Bontemps, Sterling Brown, Walter White, Zora Neale, Jean Toomer and Du Bois. Du Bois was the editor of THE CRISIS magazine. This magazine was the journal of NAACP. This, especially, made a huge impact on the African American community. â€Å"THE CRISIS published the poems, stories, and visual works of many artists of the period. The Renaissance was more than a literary movement: It involved racial pride, fueled in part by the militancy of the New Negro demanding civil and political rights.† THE CRISIS Osgood 2 published a lot of amazing literary work, art, music, and cultural knowledge from the most influential and brilliant African American artists in Harlem. Jazz and blues attracted white people from all over the world to Harlem clubs, where interracial couples andShow MoreRelatedHarlem Renaissance: African American Culture Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pagesnew movement began to arise. This movement known as the Harlem Renaissance expressed the new African American culture. The new African American culture was expressed through the writing of books, poetry, essays, the playing of music, and through sculptures and paintings. Three poems and their poets express the new African American culture with ease. (Jordan 848-891) The poems also express the position of themselves and other African Americans during this time. â€Å"You and Your Whole Race†, â€Å"Yet Do IRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : An Influential Movement Of African American Culture1802 Words   |  8 PagesInt ro The Harlem Renaissance lasted from 1918 to 1937, and was the most influential movement of people of African American culture. It mostly involved literary, musical, theatrical, and visual arts. African Americans were trying to re-conceptualize white people’s outlooks on them as a whole. White people had plenty of stereotypes toward African Americans. They were racist toward them and had animosity toward them as well. White people always had African American people as slaves throughout historyRead MoreHarlem Renaissance : A Rebirth Of African American Culture And Art1578 Words   |  7 Pagesevery aspect of life. 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African Americans held the dream of upward mobility and racial equality, through mediums such as poetry and jazz: a new form of music originating from the African American communityRead MoreExploring African American History : The Harlem Renaissance1521 Words   |  7 PagesTi’Anna Smith Period 1 AP World History 12-14-15 Exploring African American History: The Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance originally known as the New Negro Movement was an important part of African American culture and history, which helped African Americans express themselves and celebrate their heritage. Between the years of 1890-1920 close to two million African Americans traveled from the rural southern states to the northern cities. 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